"Coastal Systems and Processes". qcq%wFn+=#+ 0uEOr*cy_5{Lx_v @ @Me[k:]'fhk This leaves a wave-cut platform. These waves have high heights and short lengths and are characterized as big breakers that have high downward force and strong backwash. If the less resistant rock is near the top of the cliff, it may be subjected to sub-aerial processes. Royal Geographical Society - Resources for schools What factors affect population density and distribution? These beds are subjected to tectonic forces that tilt and deform them so they dip at an angle. Abrasion: Pieces of rock and sand in waves are thrown against the cliff face. They have a high frequency, between 13 and 15 waves per minute. This all takes place within a small segment of the land/ocean interface known as the coast. Landforms created by erosion. How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai? What challenges have been caused by urban growth in Mumbai? One important factor to consider is the type of wave and the distance a wave has to travel. The coast is the narrow zone between the land and the sea. The significance of food, water and energy, An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources, Carbon footprints, food miles and moves towards local sourcing of food. If you've found the resources on this site useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. Firstly, marine processes erode and undermine the base of the cliff. Weak tidal flows and a small tidal range will decide the shape and degree of stream deltas just as the size of seashore profiles. This is chemical weathering. It produces sloping cliffs between 5 and 20metre high. Economic opportunities and challenges in Lagos. Cliff Name Meaning & Cliff Family History at Ancestry.com Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In general, cliffs increase in height over time as the coast is eroded back. The platform typically has a slope of less than 4 degrees, which is often only fully exposed at low tide. There is a range of landforms of erosion found along the coast. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This is a much stronger rock but has eroded along fault lines and bedding planes forming structures like cliffs, caves, arches and stacks. These processes form part of the coastal erosion process. How does flooding affect humans and the environment? Faults: Either side of a fault line, rocks are often heavily fractured and broken and these weaknesses are exploited by marine erosion. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro? How important are water and carbon to life on Earth? The biggest factor affecting coastal erosion is the strength of the waves breaking along the coastline. A concordant coastline. The wave-cut platform, is formed. These coasts are drift-aligned and associated with the longshore transportation of sediment. What can you say about the possible values of \ell ? Usually, concordant coastlines have the same type of rock along its length. SQ*> %FY%WnVH5Zn* 5pTm4`CE(ftB\v[Av+ 6F l As well as this rock structure plays an important role in variation between cliff profiles: Many cliffs are composed of more than one rock type - these are known as COMPOSITE CLIFFS. History Beaches increase the distance a wave travels before it reaches the coastlines cliffs and so reduces its energy. How do joints influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Over time the crack will erode further, as the result of erosional processes such as hydraulic action. Weaker rocks (e.g. Large landforms, such as the Llyn Peninsula in Wales, provide significant natural barriers that limit the movement of sediment. Rotational slump is a type of mass movement that occurs in coastal environments. Small seas with small fetch create constructive waves. Sedimentary rocks form as layers of deposited sediment, either on the beds of ancient seas or rivers. Development, population change and the demographic transition model, Strategies for reducing the development gap, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? 16-18 Geography Coasts High energy coasts Method Data Presentation Data Analysis Different stretches of the coastline can be put into two different categories: high energy coasts and low energy coasts. ,)u/u0g=.1 R/det:2H)cA1~a{RV~i.K&olQm {Y8B'AaxLx`S%yF%Vviee97!=2wO#6OvQvgP2(P>t*fBWCR If you've found the resources on this page useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. What is the impact of humans on the Taiga? Covering KS3, GCSE and A-Level, we provide the most comprehensive GCSE and A-Level revision tools to pass your exams. Where do you want to go now? What are the effects of deforestation in the Amazon? chalk, limestone) erode more slowly. Broadly there are two aspects of a cliff to consider: the cliff profile (a vertical cross-section) and the cliff plan (the shape of the cliff when viewed from the air). What are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes? If the rocks occur in layers, the dip of the rock also helps control steepness and form. It is arguable that corrosion is a form of weathering rather than erosion as it only breaks down material. When overlying rock is removed, underlying strata expand and stretch, creating unloading joints parallel to the surface. this is a type of mass movement. There are four key types of erosion: Abrasion - waves transport material which hit the cliff and gradually wear it away . The process is illustrated in the diagram below. 7.3.2 References. Reduces friction between grains in unconsolidated material. What challenges are associated with the growth of Rio? Kirwan, J.L. Saturation promotes mass movement through lubrication and by adding weight. This is around 2 million tonnes of material every year. Certain landforms further reduce waves erosive power. Steep profiles on 70-80 degrees and producing a very stable cliff with reduced rock falls. View the coasts menu. Why is the Human Development Index important? The softer clay of Swanage has eroded much faster to form the cove. Z: ufTlcWT~ Ww*4lJ$vZJeBH`)iWYw8`QO%nMd,BrM 4B Wave Erosion Processes - A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY REVISION: EDEXCEL We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Folded rocks: Often heavily fissured and jointed, meaning they are more easily eroded. Jamaica Case Study, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? The lithology of a coastline affects how quickly its eroded. Hard rocks (e.g., Gabbro) are resistant to weathering & erosion so a coastline made of granite (e.g., Lands End) will change slowly. the evolution of cliff profiles. You seem to have disabled JavaScript. Cliffs and wave-cut platforms - Internet Geography produce cliff profiles and micro features such as caves and arches. An example of a wave-cut notch is shown in the video below. Suspension: Small particles are carried in water, such as sediment and clay, which can make the water appear cloudy. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Where there is limited vegetation to bind the soil together and the ground is very saturated heavy rain can produce sheet flow over the upper cliff surface. The neap tide delivers a low tidal range, in that the higher tide is lower than usual and the low tide more elevated. Lithology refers to the physical properties of a rock such as its resistance to erosion. A progressively regular kind of mechanical weathering found at coasts is salt crystallization. The lower part of the chalk cliffs is relatively easily eroded and regular collapse of the well-jointed rocks keeps the steep profile. Where are Temperate Deciduous Woodlands Located? Near vertical beds (with a dip of ~90) also produce steep cliffs but differential erosion is less prevalent3 in these structures. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A Tectonic 4 Freeze-thaw weathering, for example, creates cracks in rocks, increasing the rocks susceptibility to hydraulic action. Holderness - A Level Geography Edexcel Revision - Study Rocket Boulder clay is structurally weak, and has little resistance to erosion. For coastlines facing vast, open sea, prevailing winds dominate wind direction and waves approach the coast at an angle. It is believed that there are 11 large sediment cells in England and Wales (right). Human and physical factors causing river flooding. You should really enable it for this site but most things should work without it. The location of faults and strata with particularly high densities of joints and fissures, Either side of a fault line, rocks are often heavily fractured and broken and these weaknesses are exploited to marine erosion, They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape, Small cracks in rocks, often between a few cm and a few mm long. What are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria? Geography: Landscape systems, processes and change (NEW). What are the locations of micro-features controlled by? Since calcium bicarbonate is soluble in water, the limestone successfully gets weathered when carbonation happens. At nearby Lulworth Cove, bays and coves can appear on concordant coasts when weak points in the resistant rock occur. The state and direction of the coastline in relation to approaching waves is also an important factor to consider. Likewise, precipitation penetrates the slant through unconsolidated permeable material and afterwards makes a slip plane as it arrives at an impermeable material, for example, clay. The cliffs vary in height, steepness and shape according to the geology of the area. Swash-aligned shorelines develop large beaches with potential dunes that provide protection from erosion. Cliffs are shaped through erosion and weathering. How can we increase the amount of food produced globally? The Holderness Coastline is one of Europe's fastest eroding at an average annual rate of around 2 metres per year. 3.6: Drawing Contour Lines and Topographic Profiles Chalk surrounds the boulder clay. What is the location and importance of Rio de Janeiro? The angle these bands make with the coastline makes it either a concordant or discordant coastline. Whereas, cliffs composed of weaker rock strength experience cliff retreat more rapidly. joints and bedding planes. Mass movement alludes to the development of material downslope affected by gravity. A cliff profile is the height and angle is a cliff face, plus it's features such as wave cut notches and changes in slope angle. The material from the collapsed cliff face is eroded and transported away. Headlands refract waves around them, reducing their erosive power at one location while increasing it at another. What factors influence the effects and response to tectonic activity? See image below for an example of a low cliff on the Suffolk coast. Coastlines are called discordant coastlines where the topography alternates between layers (or groups) of hard rock and soft rock. What are the effects of economic development in Nigeria on quality of life? A tectonic feature of sedimentary rocks meaning the angle of rock strata in relation to the horizontal, Vertical or near vertical profile with notches reflecting strata that are more easily eroded, Sloping low angle profile with one rock layer facing the sea; vulnerable to rock slides down the dip slope, Profile may exceed 90 producing areas of overhanging rock; very vulnerable to rock falls, Steep profiles on 70-80 and producing a very stable cliff with reduced rock falls. Active marine erosion begins again at the base of the cliff after the waves have removed the loose rock, leading to further collapses and gradual retreat inland of the position of the cliff. This is brought about by the arrangement of the moon and sun, which adjusts their gravitational pull. Depending on the relative position of the weaker rock in composite cliffs determines the different landforms that are created. A cliff profile is the height and angle of a cliff face, plus its features such as wave-cut notches or changes in slope angle. As the notch becomes larger, the cliff becomes unstable and collapses as a result of gravity. Waves and tides play a role in the transportation of this broken-down material to other areas, and deposition refers to the process where waves and tides lose energy and no longer carry the disintegrated material. Need revision notes and resources for other subjects? The Holderness Coast Case Study - Internet Geography
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