The citationimpact (average citations per paper) baseline for each variant of subject, year and document type will be calculated as the meanaverage: Where: e = the expected citation rate or baseline, c = Times Cited, p = the number of papers, f = the field or subject area, t = year, andd = document type. In the past, as here, attention has been given to self-citation in isolation but in fact the co-authors also benefit. A discussion of measuring the top-1% most-highly cited - Springer Very importantly, however, the data here and in the Appendix show that in some fields, within the central normal range and below the statistical threshold, there can be a well-populated and unproblematic upper decile and even upper percentile. 2019). Ioannidis, J. P. A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.12.004. Egghe, L. (1987). (2016). Institute for Scientific Information, Clarivate Analytics, 160 Blackfriars Road, London, SE1 8EZ, UK, Martin Szomszor,David A. Pendlebury&Jonathan Adams, The Policy Institute, Kings College London, 22 Kingsway, London, WC2B 6LE, UK, You can also search for this author in PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, The AWCR is very useful, but it only works if publishers enter the dates of their online materials correctly. The self-citation pattern is different to other sciences and rates appear generally to be higher. Current Cap Rates for Apartments in the 50 Largest Multifamily Markets. Separate data are shown for career-long and single . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221212. Yu, T., Yu, G., & Wang, M. Y. This raises questions about editorial and refereeing standards and the ability of the research base to manage its own affairs. A high rate of self-referencing may reflect research in a specialty area or convey a pattern of a cohesive and sustained research program (Cooke and Donaldson 2014). https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.06142. Fong, E. A. However, its self-citation pattern is much more similar to Clinical Medicine. Text & Talk,38(3), 365387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2144-6. As we have shown, Covid-19 papers across all selected fields are being cited at a vastly increased rate compared to non-Covid-19 papers within the same journals. Across eight selected fields, the median citation for a Covid-19 paper approaches six times that of a non-Covid-19 paper within the same journals. Tracking self-citations in academic publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-2160-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0523-6. a 10-year period. As examples: for the ESI field of Chemistry (Fig. Erikson, M. G., & Erlandson, P. (2014). Self-citations at the meso and individual levels: Effects of different calculation methods. The Citation Tracker feature also allows for generation of a Citation Overview chart and for removal of self-citations from the overall citation counts. Consequently, citation rates should not be interpreted as representing the central tendency of the distribution. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,69(7), 949952. The extended verification and manual curation applied to these data has enabled us to focus with some accuracy on the citation behaviour that is revealed and, since this group necessarily includes a high proportion of leading and influential researchers, the behaviour reflected in these data may be taken as a signal of established cultural norms. A series of disconnected points, rather more extended than in other fields, lies above this crossing the low and then the high indicative outlier threshold. 22. Field Baselines - Clarivate [20] Each measure has advantages and disadvantages,[21] spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source. Since the purpose of analysing highly cited research is to recognize scientists and social scientists with community-wide influence, which such portfolios lack, we introduced a filter to detect and review those whose high citation profile was in fact narrow and substantially self-generated. 2020, Vol. Consequently, citation rates should not be CINAHL offers a Cited References feature that provides a list of citations that cite a particular publication in the CINAHL database. To our knowledge, this study is the first to quantify the rate at which a large volume of peer-reviewed Covid-19 articles are being cited, on average, in major medical journals and compare these results to non-Covid-19 articles in the same journals. 2019; Biagioli and Lippman 2020). 1.5 times the inter-quartile range as for box-plots) for each field. - 5.161.154.99. [22] Counting the number of citations per paper is also employed to identify the authors of citation classics. This paper introduces a graphical method for testing for indicative excessive author self-citation and hence distinguishing this, via informed data review, from the true performance of the most influential researchers. Science Technology & Society,23(1), 124. The IQR-related threshold tested in this analysis is highly conservative: it seeks to attach as many researcher portfolios as possible to the central range and to establish where the potentially most egregious outliers are located. Arxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.003. A baseline of 15 Covid-19 articles was set as a requirement for a journal to be included. Are methodological papers more cited than theoretical or empirical ones: the case of sociology. Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L. (2018). As new variants appear, researchers are offered the chance to publish on new epidemiological or variant characterization studies. by the total number of papers. Bonzi, S., & Snyder, H. W. (1991). https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.200910360. Qualifiers and confounding issues immediately arise when asking what constitutes excessive or extreme levels of author self-citation. Another potential reason for the spike in Covid-19 citations is the exhibited capacity of the virus to mutate rapidly. [13], Journal-level metrics are often misinterpreted as a measure for journal quality or article quality. Note that we are excluding citations from 2017, as RCRs exclude the first calendar year in which the article was published. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,52(2), 87108. So the RCR would be 9 citations per year / 6 citations per year = 1.5. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,61(7), 15141515. The median self-reference rate and the median self-citation rate for each ESI field are compared in Fig. & Thombs, B. D. (2019). The linear thresholds were therefore plotted on the log-plots rather than calculating a log-normal value which would have been very inclusive with few indicative outliers. Google Scholar. The 2020 CiteScores are based on citations received in 2017-2020 to articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters, and data papers published in 2017-2020, and divides this by the number of these documents published in 2017-2020. Tagliacozzo, R. (1977). The calculation is number of citations / number of papers, where papers is defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. In 2020, Frontiers was the 3rd most-cited publisher. Previous studies have looked at citation rates for preprints of Covid-19 papers [17] and quality of evidence contained within published Covid-19 articles [18, 19]. Cap Rates will be higher or lower for individual properties depending upon the size, class and location of the property within the MSA. The fourth age of research. discover how a known idea or innovation has been confirmed, applied, improved, extended, or corrected.. 2016; Heneberg 2016; Fong and Wilhite 2017; Zaggl 2017; Scarpa et al. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. This would mean that the article was cited 28% more times than expected for articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year. CiteScore covers all journal titles in Elsevier's Scopus database and is released once a year. Cumulative advantage and the symbolism of intellectual property. An important recent development in research on citation impact is the discovery of universality, or citation impact patterns that hold across different disciplines in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. In addition, we expect these findings to shed light on the influence that the current influx of Covid-19 literature will have on Journal Impact Factor (JIF) in the years ahead. (2018). Campanario, J. M. (2011). Huang, M. H., & Lin, W. Y. C. (2011). Hendrix, D. (2009). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. PLoS ONE, 13(9), article number e0195773. Each graph shows the frequency distribution of the original data for the researchers and a computed log-normal fit of these data to a negative binomial distribution. (2013). The Percentiles Table displays levels of citation activity. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Scientometrics,44(3), 521531. Chapter Thijs, B., & Glnzel, W. (2006). 2019). A macro study of self-citation. The list is intended to identify scientists and social scientists who have demonstrated significant community influence through their publication of multiple papers frequently cited by their peers during the last decade. "[63], "Citation metric" redirects here. A single average citation rate was obtained from this smaller sample as well. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2006.09.002. Kacem et al. Classification method for detecting coercive self-citation in journals. N=1.5 in this equation). 2019; DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019; Peroni et al. for the humanities. Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article. 99th percentile is high, and indicates an article in the top 1% globally. Robert J. McDonald, Clarivate Analytics Essential Science Indicators (ESI) is another resource. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. The narrow definition would require a specific authors name on both citing and cited documents; the broad view would describe a self-citation as any instance in which any author name appears on the two (scientist B, without scientist A as an author, citing a paper by scientist A and B), sometimes called all-author to all-author self-citation. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507655102. (2019) also urge that self-citations should remain in a citation record and that what is needed is transparency, not removal. different disciplines and time periods so it cannot be used effectively to compare entities that are in different subjects or years. Mathematics has a lower Citation Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. LibGuides: InCites Benchmarking & Analytics: Baselines For additional information on how RCRs are calculated, see Hutchins et al. Gender variations in citation distribution in medicine are very small and due to self-citation and journal prestige. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03243-4. 2004, 2006; Fowler and Aksnes 2007; Costas et al. Unusually, self-citations to highly cited papers are very high and actually exceed the self-referencing rates for all other fields. [51][52] Kaur et al. Lina Zhou, Uchechukwuka Amadi & Dongsong Zhang, Lawrence Smolinsky, Daniel S. Sage, Aaron Cao, Stefano Mammola, Elena Piano, Dan Chamberlain, Maziar Montazerian, Edgar Dutra Zanotto & Hellmut Eckert, Scientometrics
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